Skeletal Radiology. Skeletal Radiol. Published online Jan 5. Jerry R. Author information Copyright and License information Disclaimer. Dwek, Email: moc. Corresponding author. This article has been cited by other articles in PMC. Abstract Nearly every bone in the body is invested in periosteum. Histology of the periosteum Periosteum can be thought of as consisting of two distinct layers, an outer fibrous layer and an inner layer that has significant osteoblastic potential.
Outer layer The outer fibrous layer can be subdivided into two parts. Inner cambium layer The cambium layer is highly cellular and is composed of mesenchymal progenitor cells, differentiated osteogenic progenitor cells, osteoblasts and fibroblasts in a sparse collagenous matrix.
Developmental anatomy of the periosteum Anatomically, periosteum covers the majority of the bony structures with the exception of their intra-articular surfaces and sesamoid bones. Periosteal substitutes The periosteum and its precursor, perichondrium, have two major functions aside from lending some structural integrity to the skeleton. Appositional growth Secondary centers of ossification are frequently largely intra-articular structures and therefore, like sesamoid bones, are largely devoid of periosteum.
Fracture healing While it is true that periosteum and periosteally derived cells are major contributors to fracture healing, it is by no means the only mechanism available to the osseous structures for its repair. Conclusion The periosteum is a complex structure composed of an outer fibrous layer that lends structural integrity and an inner cambium layer that possesses osteogenic potential. Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author s and source are credited.
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Jones, D. Carter, and C. De Bari, F. Dell'Accio, J. Vanlauwe et al. Agata, I. The inner layer of the periosteum becomes thinner with age. This thinning begins in childhood and continues through adulthood. If a fracture occurs in adult bone, osteoblasts can still be stimulated to repair the injury.
But the rate of regeneration will be slower than it is in a child. The outer layer of the periosteum is mostly made of elastic fibrous material, such as collagen. It also contains blood vessels and nerves. They can pass into the dense and compact layer of bone tissue below, called the bone cortex.
Blood vessels enter the bone through channels called Volkmann canals that lie perpendicular to the bone. From there, the blood vessels enter another group of channels called Haversian canals, which run along the length of the bone. The nerves of the periosteum register pain when the tissue is injured or damaged. Some of the nerves of the periosteum travel alongside the blood vessels into the bone, although many remain in the outer layer of the periosteum. Periostitis is an inflammation of your periosteum.
Shin splints can also happen when you start a new exercise program or increase the intensity of your usual workouts. If you have periostitis, you may notice that you have pain or tenderness in the affected area. There may also be some swelling. Your doctor can typically diagnose periostitis by a physical examination and going through your medical history. In some cases, they may use imaging tests, such as an X-ray, to rule out other conditions, such as stress fractures. You can slowly begin resuming your normal activities when the pain starts to decrease, usually within two to four weeks.
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